The Know Your Vote T.O. “Big Issues” primers are meant to be starting points for
readers to continue their own learning and investigating.
Note: The information sources documented and linked in the content below are from
the City of Toronto website and well-known media and learning resources.
The trade-offs between taxes and spending are at the heart of a municipal
government
Toronto raises money every year for the City Budget which supports the various
services that keep the city running.
The City has limited ways to generate revenue, and property tax is the largest
source. This City
Revenue Fact Sheet has further information.
Toronto's Operational vs. Capital Budget
The City has two different budgets (Go
to information source - PDF):
- the operational budget covers day-to-day spending on commonly
used programs such as parks and maintenance, garbage collection, public transit,
and the Toronto Police Services, and,
- the capital budget supports the construction and repair of
infrastructure, such as libraries, community centres, and water and sewage
facilities.
Taxes and Other Revenue
Taxes
The City's largest revenue source is property taxes levied against industrial,
commercial and residential properties (Go
to information source). It accounts for about 31% of the City's revenue (Go
to information source - PDF - page 9).
In 2022, The City of Toronto Council approved a 2.9% property tax increase on
residential properties, a 1.45% increase on commercial properties, and 0.97%
increase on industrial properties (Go
to information source). This article provides an overview of
Toronto’s property taxes compared to other Ontario cities.
There is a Municipal Land Transfer Tax (or MLTT) on the title transfer of property.
This tax accounts for approximately 6% of the City's revenue.
Other Revenue
-
There are three "rate supported" city programs: Toronto Water Service,
Toronto Parking Authority, and Solid Waste Management Services. These are
paid for by users of these services (13% of revenue)
-
Users also contribute with permit fees, fines, and TTC fares (5% of revenue)
-
The City of Toronto receives grants, transfers, and subsidies from both the
federal and provincial governments (27% of revenue)
The 2022
City of Toronto Budget Summary (PDF) is a very detailed, long (900 pages!)
and interesting look at the City including its taxes and revenue and beyond.
How Taxes and Other Revenues are Spent
The 2021 City budget was spent on the following, in descending order:
- Emergency services, including the Toronto Police Service
- Capital and corporate financing
- Cost shared social programming
- The Toronto Transit Corporation (TTC)
- Governance and corporate services
- Other City operations
- Transportation services
- Other agencies
(The
City provides a good visual breakdown of how it spent the revenue collected in
2021)
City staff present a preliminary budget that is reviewed, deliberated on, changed,
and finally approved. This annual process happens with input from residents and
businesses, the City Budget Committee, the City Executive Committee, and finally
City Council.
The Rising Cost of Living in the City
Living in a city is expensive, and the cost of living in Toronto has increased in the
past several years. This is due to several factors including the increase in food
prices, the cost of housing which includes buying or renting a home (Go
to information source), and supply chain issues related to the pandemic.
Renting in the City
Rental rates in Toronto dropped in 2020-2021 due to the pandemic as people took the
opportunity to move out of the city. Other reasons included a decrease in demand due
to a slowdown in immigration and a reduction of international students coming to the
city (Go
to information source).
This trend has reversed in 2022. The cost of a one-bedroom apartment is $2,044, a 12%
increase year-over-year (Go to information
source).
Food
The City uses the Nutritious Food Basket (NFB) to measure the minimum cost of eating
healthy for a person or family. The NFB is based on the cost of 67 food items from
12 grocery stores across the city. For example, it would cost just over $50 a week
for a female between 31-50 to eat healthy (Go
to information source).
In 2022 food prices have increased by approximately 5% to 7% across Canada. These
increases have also impacted food prices in the Toronto (Go
to information source).